Are Autocracies Bad for the Environment? Global Evidence from Two Centuries of Data

This study examines the effects of rule law on carbon-dioxide emissions using a large sample countries for over century. In principle, turning point Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is compared range lying between autocracy and democracy. Using decadal data 220 years (1790-2010) 150 countries, we use country fixed estimation technique to quantify absolute interactive autocracy-democracy index emissions. Results show that democracies emit less one unit increase in per-capita income, leading lower thus emission. The case autocracies are more than twice democracies. Electoral have comparison closed autocracies. Point estimates robust alternative techniques not likely be influenced by omitted variable biases. Strengthening enforcement improving access justice can critical decreasing